This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptomatology, mobile phone ownership, and different uses of WhatsApp among older adults enrolled in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, São Paulo State, Brazil. This is a secondary data analysis, using data collected in the screening of participants to be included in the PROACTIVE cluster randomized trial. Individuals aged ≥ 60 years, registered in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, were assessed for sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms according to the PHQ-9, mobile phone ownership, and use of WhatsApp. We performed multiple logistic regression models to investigate characteristics of the potential users of digital interventions. Of 3,356 older adults screened for depression, 45.7% said they use WhatsApp to receive/send messages. In the subsample that presented depressive symptomatology (n = 1,020), 41.9% stated using WhatsApp. Younger older adults and those with better socioeconomic status used more WhatsApp and were more likely to own a mobile phone. Participants with higher levels of symptoms of depression were less likely to use WhatsApp. Gender, age, schooling level, income, and depressive symptomatology are variables associated with the possession of a cell phone and with the use of WhatsApp by the older adults of the sample. These findings can help to implement digital health programs better suited to disadvantaged populations in Brazil and other low- and middle-income countries through mental telehealth interventions using WhatsApp and mobile health services to the older people.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre características sociodemográficas, sintomatologia depressiva, posse de telefone celular e diferentes usos do WhatsApp entre idosos cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de uma análise de dados secundários com informações coletadas na triagem dos participantes a serem incluídos neste estudo randomizado em cluster PROATIVO. Indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, foram avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas, sintomas depressivos, de acordo com o PHQ-9, posse de telefone celular e uso do WhatsApp. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística múltipla para investigar as características dos potenciais usuários de intervenções digitais. Dos 3.356 idosos depressivos, 45,7% usavam o WhatsApp para receber/enviar mensagens. Na subamostra que apresentou sintomatologia depressiva (n = 1.020), 41,9% disseram usar o WhatsApp. Adultos mais jovens e com melhor status socioeconômico usavam mais o WhatsApp e eram mais propensos a possuir um telefone celular. Participantes com níveis mais altos de sintomas de depressão eram menos propensos a utilizar o WhatsApp. Sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda e sintomatologia depressiva são variáveis associadas à posse de telefone celular e ao uso do WhatsApp pelos idosos da população estudada. Esses achados podem ajudar a implementar programas de saúde digital mais adequados para populações desfavorecidas no Brasil e em outros países de baixa e média renda, principalmente intervenções de telessaúde mental que utilizem o WhatsApp e serviços móveis de saúde para idosos.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos, la tenencia de teléfono celular y los diferentes usos de WhatsApp entre los ancianos inscritos en unidades básicas de salud en Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Este es un análisis de datos secundarios, que recopiló la información del triaje de los participantes a ser incluidos en este estudio aleatorio en un clúster PROACTIVO. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos según el PHQ-9, la tenencia de celular y el uso de WhatsApp de los participantes de 60 años o más, registrados en unidades básicas de salud de Guarulhos. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión logística múltiple para identificar las características de los potenciales usuarios de las intervenciones digitales. De los 3.356 ancianos deprimidos, el 45,7% utilizaba WhatsApp para recibir/enviar mensajes. En la submuestra que presentó síntomas depresivos (n = 1.020), el 41,9% dijo usar WhatsApp. Los adultos más jóvenes con mejor nivel socioeconómico usaban más WhatsApp y tenían más probabilidades de tener un teléfono celular. Los participantes con niveles más altos de síntomas de depresión tenían menos probabilidades de usar WhatsApp. El sexo, la edad, la educación, la renta y los síntomas depresivos fueron las variables asociadas a la tenencia de celular y al uso de WhatsApp por parte de los ancianos de la población estudiada. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a implementar programas de salud digital que sean más adecuados para las poblaciones desfavorecidas en Brasil y en otros países de bajos y medianos ingresos, en particular las intervenciones de telesalud mental que utilizan WhatsApp y servicios de salud móviles para ancianos.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptomatology, mobile phone ownership, and different uses of WhatsApp among older adults enrolled in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, São Paulo State, Brazil. This is a secondary data analysis, using data collected in the screening of participants to be included in the PROACTIVE cluster randomized trial. Individuals aged ≥ 60 years, registered in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, were assessed for sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms according to the PHQ-9, mobile phone ownership, and use of WhatsApp. We performed multiple logistic regression models to investigate characteristics of the potential users of digital interventions. Of 3,356 older adults screened for depression, 45.7% said they use WhatsApp to receive/send messages. In the subsample that presented depressive symptomatology (n = 1,020), 41.9% stated using WhatsApp. Younger older adults and those with better socioeconomic status used more WhatsApp and were more likely to own a mobile phone. Participants with higher levels of symptoms of depression were less likely to use WhatsApp. Gender, age, schooling level, income, and depressive symptomatology are variables associated with the possession of a cell phone and with the use of WhatsApp by the older adults of the sample. These findings can help to implement digital health programs better suited to disadvantaged populations in Brazil and other low- and middle-income countries through mental telehealth interventions using WhatsApp and mobile health services to the older people.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos, la tenencia de teléfono celular y los diferentes usos de WhatsApp entre los ancianos inscritos en unidades básicas de salud en Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Este es un análisis de datos secundarios, que recopiló la información del triaje de los participantes a ser incluidos en este estudio aleatorio en un clúster PROACTIVO. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos según el PHQ-9, la tenencia de celular y el uso de WhatsApp de los participantes de 60 años o más, registrados en unidades básicas de salud de Guarulhos. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión logística múltiple para identificar las características de los potenciales usuarios de las intervenciones digitales. De los 3.356 ancianos deprimidos, el 45,7% utilizaba WhatsApp para recibir/enviar mensajes. En la submuestra que presentó síntomas depresivos (n = 1.020), el 41,9% dijo usar WhatsApp. Los adultos más jóvenes con mejor nivel socioeconómico usaban más WhatsApp y tenían más probabilidades de tener un teléfono celular. Los participantes con niveles más altos de síntomas de depresión tenían menos probabilidades de usar WhatsApp. El sexo, la edad, la educación, la renta y los síntomas depresivos fueron las variables asociadas a la tenencia de celular y al uso de WhatsApp por parte de los ancianos de la población estudiada. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a implementar programas de salud digital que sean más adecuados para las poblaciones desfavorecidas en Brasil y en otros países de bajos y medianos ingresos, en particular las intervenciones de telesalud mental que utilizan WhatsApp y servicios de salud móviles para ancianos.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre características sociodemográficas, sintomatologia depressiva, posse de telefone celular e diferentes usos do WhatsApp entre idosos cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de uma análise de dados secundários com informações coletadas na triagem dos participantes a serem incluídos neste estudo randomizado em cluster PROATIVO. Indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, foram avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas, sintomas depressivos, de acordo com o PHQ-9, posse de telefone celular e uso do WhatsApp. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística múltipla para investigar as características dos potenciais usuários de intervenções digitais. Dos 3.356 idosos depressivos, 45,7% usavam o WhatsApp para receber/enviar mensagens. Na subamostra que apresentou sintomatologia depressiva (n = 1.020), 41,9% disseram usar o WhatsApp. Adultos mais jovens e com melhor status socioeconômico usavam mais o WhatsApp e eram mais propensos a possuir um telefone celular. Participantes com níveis mais altos de sintomas de depressão eram menos propensos a utilizar o WhatsApp. Sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda e sintomatologia depressiva são variáveis associadas à posse de telefone celular e ao uso do WhatsApp pelos idosos da população estudada. Esses achados podem ajudar a implementar programas de saúde digital mais adequados para populações desfavorecidas no Brasil e em outros países de baixa e média renda, principalmente intervenções de telessaúde mental que utilizem o WhatsApp e serviços móveis de saúde para idosos.

Abstract Objective: The aims of this study were twofold. First, to provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the Adolescent Lifestyle Profile-Revised 2 (ALP-R2) among adolescents in Chile; and second, to examine the relationship between the health-promoting behaviors measured by this scale and several demographic variables. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Students attending grades 9 through 12 from schools representing low-, middle-, and high-income families were included. All schools were in the city of San Felipe, Chile. Students completed the ALP-R2, a fourty-four-item scale aiming to assess health-promoting behaviors. To evaluate validity and reliability, confirmatory factor analysis and omega coefficient calculation were conducted, respectively. Results: The sample size was 572 students (82.5% of the eligible population). More males (56.6%) than females (43.4%) participated in the study, and the mean age was 16.4 (SD, 1.3) years. The ALP-R2 had adequate adjustment indicators in the confirmatory factor analysis, which means that the data supports the original theoretical model (seven subscales). The highest internal consistency was obtained for the total scale (Ω = 0.87); and (among the subscales), physical activity (Ω = 0.85) and spiritual health (Ω = 0.78) had the highest reliability. Conclusions: The ALP-R2 appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess health-promoting behaviors among adolescents attending secondary schools.

In this article, the relationship between mental health and chronic non-communicable diseases is discussed as well as the possibility to address them in a comprehensive manner in the Peruvian health system. First, the prevalence estimates and the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases and mental disorders worldwide and in Peru are reviewed. Then, the detrimental impact of depression in the early stages as well as the progress of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases is described. Additionally, the gap between access to mental health care in Peru is analyzed. Lastly, the alternatives to reduce the gap are explored. Of these alternatives, the integration of mental health into primary care services is emphasized; as a feasible way to meet the care needs of the general population, and people with chronic diseases in particular, in the Peruvian context

En este artículo se discute la relación entre la salud mental y las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles; así como la posibilidad de atenderlas de manera integral en el sistema de salud peruano. En primer lugar se revisan los estimados de prevalencia y carga de enfermedad de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y desórdenes mentales a nivel mundial y en el Perú. Luego, se describe el impacto perjudicial de la depresión en la etiología así como en la progresión de la diabetes y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Posteriormente, se analiza la brecha en el acceso a la atención de la salud mental en el Perú y, finalmente, se exploran las alternativas para reducirla. De estas alternativas se enfatiza la integración de la salud mental en servicios de atención primaria como una forma viable de responder a las necesidades de atención de la población en general, y de las personas con enfermedades crónicas, en particular, en el contexto peruano

In this article, the relationship between mental health and chronic non-communicable diseases is discussed as well as the possibility to address them in a comprehensive manner in the Peruvian health system. First, the prevalence estimates and the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases and mental disorders worldwide and in Peru are reviewed. Then, the detrimental impact of depression in the early stages as well as the progress of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases is described. Additionally, the gap between access to mental health care in Peru is analyzed. Lastly, the alternatives to reduce the gap are explored. Of these alternatives, the integration of mental health into primary care services is emphasized; as a feasible way to meet the care needs of the general population, and people with chronic diseases in particular, in the Peruvian context

En este artículo se discute la relación entre la salud mental y las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles; así como la posibilidad de atenderlas de manera integral en el sistema de salud peruano. En primer lugar se revisan los estimados de prevalencia y carga de enfermedad de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y desórdenes mentales a nivel mundial y en el Perú. Luego, se describe el impacto perjudicial de la depresión en la etiología así como en la progresión de la diabetes y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Posteriormente, se analiza la brecha en el acceso a la atención de la salud mental en el Perú y, finalmente, se exploran las alternativas para reducirla. De estas alternativas se enfatiza la integración de la salud mental en servicios de atención primaria como una forma viable de responder a las necesidades de atención de la población en general, y de las personas con enfermedades crónicas, en particular, en el contexto peruano

OBJECTIVE: To carry out an economic evaluation of a task-shifting intervention for the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders in primary-care settings in Goa, India. METHODS: Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses based on generalized linear models were performed within a trial set in 24 public and private primary-care facilities. Subjects were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control arm. Eligible subjects in the intervention arm were given psycho-education, case management, interpersonal psychotherapy and/or antidepressants by lay health workers. Subjects in the control arm were treated by physicians. The use of health-care resources, the disability of each subject and degree of psychiatric morbidity, as measured by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule, were determined at 2, 6 and 12 months. FINDINGS: Complete data, from all three follow-ups, were collected from 1243 (75.4%) and 938 (81.7%) of the subjects enrolled in the study facilities from the public and private sectors, respectively. Within the public facilities, subjects in the intervention arm showed greater improvement in all the health outcomes investigated than those in the control arm. Time costs were also significantly lower in the intervention arm than in the control arm, whereas health system costs in the two arms were similar. Within the private facilities, however, the effectiveness and costs recorded in the two arms were similar. CONCLUSION: Within public primary-care facilities in Goa, the use of lay health workers in the care of subjects with common mental disorders was not only cost-effective but also cost-saving.

OBJETIVO: Realizar una evaluación económica de una intervención de delegación de tareas para el tratamiento de trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad en entornos de atención primaria en Goa, India. MÉTODOS: Se llevaron a cabo análisis de la relación coste-utilidad y coste-eficacia basados en modelos lineales generalizados en un ensayo realizado en 24 centros de atención primaria tanto públicos como privados. De manera aleatoria, se asignó a los sujetos un brazo de intervención o otro de control. Empleados sanitarios no profesionales proporcionaron psicoeducación, tratamiento del caso, psicoterapia interpersonal y/o antidepresivos a los sujetos que reunían los requisitos necesarios en el brazo de intervención. Los sujetos en el brazo de control fueron tratados por médicos. Se determinó el uso de recursos para la atención sanitaria, la discapacidad de cada sujeto y el grado de morbilidad psiquiátrica, según lo evaluado por la versión revisada del instrumento de entrevista clínica (CIS-R), a los 2, 6 y 12 meses. RESULTADOS: De los tres seguimientos, se recogieron los datos completos de 1243 (75,4%) y 938 (81,7%) de los sujetos inscritos, respectivamente, en los centros de estudio públicos y privados. En los centros públicos, los sujetos en el brazo de intervención mostraron una mejora superior que los del brazo de control en todos los resultados sanitarios que se investigaron. Los costes de mantenimiento también fueron notablemente inferiores en el brazo de intervención que en el de control, mientras que los costes para el sistema de salud fueron similares en los dos brazos. En los centros privados, sin embargo, la eficacia y los costes registrados fueron similares para los dos brazos. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso de empleados sanitarios no profesionales en los centros de atención primaria públicos en Goa para el cuidado de sujetos con trastornos metales comunes no sólo fue efectivo en relación con los costes sino que también supuso un ahorro.

OBJECTIF: Réaliser une évaluation économique d'une intervention de transfert de tâches dans le cadre du traitement des troubles dépressifs et anxieux dans les établissements de soins primaires à Goa, en Inde. MÉTHODES: Des analyses de coût-utilité et coût-efficacité basées sur des modèles linéaires généralisés ont été effectuées dans le cadre d'un essai organisé dans 24 établissements publics et privés de soins primaires. Les sujets ont été répartis de manière aléatoire entre groupe d'intervention ou groupe témoin. Les sujets du groupe d'intervention ont bénéficié d'une psychoéducation, de la gestion de cas, d'une psychothérapie interpersonnelle et/ou d'antidépresseurs de la part d'agents de santé non professionnels. Les sujets du groupe témoin ont été traités par des médecins. L'utilisation des ressources de santé, le handicap de chaque sujet et le degré de morbidité psychiatrique, tel que mesuré par le Programme d'entretien clinique révisé, ont été déterminés à 2, 6 et 12 mois. RÉSULTATS: Les données complètes de chacun des trois suivis ont été recueillies pour 1243 (75,4%) et 938 (81,7%) des sujets inscrits dans les établissements publics et privés, respectivement. Dans les établissements publics, les sujets du groupe d'intervention connaissaient une amélioration plus importante de tous les résultats sanitaires étudiés que les sujets du groupe témoin. Les coûts en termes de temps étaient également significativement plus faibles dans le groupe d'intervention que dans le groupe témoin, alors que les coûts du système de santé dans les deux groupes étaient similaires. Dans les établissements privés, cependant, l'efficacité et les coûts enregistrés dans les deux groupes étaient similaires. CONCLUSION: Dans les établissements publics de soins primaires à Goa, le recours à des agents de santé non professionnels pour la prise en charge des sujets atteints de troubles mentaux communs était non seulement efficace en termes de coût, mais aussi plus économique.

In Chile, the National Depression Detection and Treatment Program (Programa Nacional de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Depresión, PNDTD) in primary care is a rare example of an evidence-based mental health program that was scaled up to the national level in a low- or middle-income country. This retrospective qualitative study aimed to better understand how policymakers made the decision to scale up mental health services to the national level, and to explore the elements, contexts, and processes that facilitated the decision to implement and sustain PNDTD. In-depth semistructured interviews with six key informants selected through intentional sampling were conducted in August-December 2008. Interviewees were senior officers at the Ministry of Health who were directly involved in the decision to scale up the program. Results yielded four elements pivotal to the decisionmaking process: scientific evidence, teamwork and leadership, strategic alliances, and program institutionalization. Each element contributed to building consensus, securing funding, attracting resources, and gaining lasting support from policymakers. Additionally, a review of available documentation led the authors to consider sociopolitical context and use of the media to be important factors. While research evidence for the effectiveness of mental health services in the primary care setting continues to accumulate, low- and middle-income countries should get started on the lengthy process of scaling up by incorporating the elements that led to decisionmaking and implementation of the PNDTD in Chile.

En Chile, el Programa Nacional de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Depresión (PNDTD) en atención primaria constituye un raro ejemplo de programa de salud mental basado en la evidencia ampliado al nivel nacional en un país de ingresos medios o bajos. Con este estudio retrospectivo cualitativo se buscó conocer más a fondo la forma en que los responsables de las políticas tomaron la decisión de ampliar los servicios de salud mental al nivel nacional e investigar los elementos, contextos y procesos que facilitaron la decisión de implementar y mantener el PNDTD. Entre agosto y diciembre de 2008, seis informantes clave seleccionados mediante muestreo intencional llevaron a cabo entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas. Los entrevistados eran funcionarios de alto nivel del Ministerio de Salud directamente involucrados en la decisión de ampliar el programa. Los resultados arrojaron cuatro elementos fundamentales para el proceso de toma de decisiones: las pruebas científicas, el trabajo en equipo y el liderazgo, las alianzas estratégicas y la institucionalización del programa. Los cuatro elementos contribuyeron a la creación de consensos, la obtención de financiamiento, la captación de recursos y la obtención de un apoyo duradero por parte de los responsables de las políticas. Además, la revisión de la documentación disponible llevó a los autores a considerar al contexto sociopolítico y el uso de los medios factores importantes. Mientras se siguen acumulando datos de investigación sobre la eficacia de los servicios de salud mental en la atención primaria, los países con ingresos medios y bajos deben comenzar el largo proceso de ampliación incorporando los elementos que condujeron a la toma de decisiones y la implementación del PNDTD en Chile.

Background: Suicidal behaviors and depression are prevalent phenomena among adolescents, and are considered a public health problem. Aim: To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors and the relationship between both phenomena, in a representative sample of students from ninth grade in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: We recruited a probability sample of 2,597 adolescents who answered a questionnaire with questions about suicidal behavior and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Results: The lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation and planning was 21 and 14%, respectively. The prevalence for the past two weeks was 6.7 and 4.4% for suicidal ideation and planning, respectively. Autolytic behaviors, once in lifetime and in the past week were referred by 26 and 4% of respondents, respectively. In one third of these, self-harm coincided with recent suicide ideation or planning. All levels of suicidal behavior were more frequently reported by women. Clinically significant depressive symptoms were present in 23.5% of adolescents. Females doubled male rates. Severe depressive symptoms were present in 9.4% of the sample. A higher level of suicidal behavior correlated with more severe forms of depression. Sixty percent of adolescents who reported recent self-harm, had clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Two thirds of them had severe symptoms. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior in Chilean adolescents is prevalent, and there is an association between this behavior and the level of depression. The school is a good place to identify and develop preventive measures for teenagers.

Background: The presence of emotional problems may trigger drug abuse. Aim: To determine the association between illicit drug use and severity of depression symptoms among students of public secondary schools in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: A probabilistic sample of2,597 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (45% women), attending first year in public high-schools in Santiago, answered self-report questionnaires about consumption, during the last 30 days ,of alcohol, tobacco and marihuana, and the Beck Depression Inventory - II. Logistic regression models were used to study the association between drug use and severity of depression symptoms, adjusting by sex. Results: Tobacco and marihuana use was reported by 38 and 13% of students, respectively. Frequency of consumption was significantly higher among women. Mild, moderate or severe depressive symptoms were found among 16%, 14% and 9% of students, respectively. Depressive symptoms were more common among women. There was a significant association between drug use and severity of depression among participants of both genders. Conclusions: The association between depressive symptoms and drug use should be considered on the design of treatment guidelines for these health problems in Chile.

Background: Depression is a public health problem, due to its high prevalence and its associated disability. Aim: To compare a pharmacological intervention for depression controlled by phone from a central level (TM) and the usual treatment (TH) in a randomized clinical trial. Material and methods: Three hundred and forty five women, aged 22 to 59 years were studied. They were randomly assigned to receive the usual therapy or a pharmacological intervention with periodical telephone contacts with medical collaboration personnel, to reinforce compliance with treatment and educate about the disease. Women were blindly evaluated at 3 and 6 months with the Hamilton depression rating score (HDRS) and the SF-36 to assess depressive symptoms and quality of life, respectively. Results: In both evaluations, improvement was significantly greater in the TM group than the TH group. At 3 months, improvement was higher in the TM group in the subscales of physical function, pain, general health, energy, emotional role, mental health and standardized physical and psychic scales of SF-36. At 6 months, this significant difference in favour of TM was maintained for energy, mental health and the standardized psychic scale. Conclusions: A telephone reinforcement improves the outcomes of treatments for depression

The use of illegal drugs is an issue that has raised both international and national concern. This paper deals with the descriptive results from a household survey of the use of marijuana and cocaine in a population aged from 15 to 64 in Santiago, Chile. Life prevalence of use was 19.0% for marijuana, 4.5% for cocaine, and 2.2% for coca paste; annual prevalence was 5.4%, 1.8% and 0.8%; and last month prevalence was 3.2%, 0.7%, and 0.3% for each substance. Median age for initial use was 17.9 years for marijuana and 20.3 for coca paste. Those surveyed considered the use of paste to be the most risky, followed by cocaine and marijuana. Higher ratings of dependency were observed in the users of coca paste. Rates of use were similar to those of previous national and regional studies, but considerably lower than those of developed countries

El consumo de drogas ilegales marihuana, cocaína y pasta base es una preocupación nacional e internacional debido a sus consecuencias. Se presentan los resultados descriptivos de un estudio epidemiológico domiciliario en la población de 15 a 64 años del Gran Santiago. La prevalencia de vida para el consumo de marihuana fue 19,0%, para cocaína 4,5%, y pasta base 2,2%; las prevalencias anuales fueron 5,4%, 1,8% y 0,8% y las del último mes de 3,2%, 0,7% y 0,3% respectivamente. La edad de inicio del consumo de marihuana fue 17,9 años y de pasta base 20,3 años. Los encuestados percibían mayor riesgo en el consumo de pasta base, seguido por el de cocaína y el de marihuana. El consumo de pasta base presentaba más características de dependencia. Se concluye que las prevalencias encontradas son semejantes a las de estudios nacionales y de la región, pero bastante menores que las de países desarrollados